Scientific citations

References:

Leboff MS, Greenspan SL, Insogna KL, et al. The clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2022;33(10):2049. doi:10.1007/s00198-021-05900-y

Groenendijk I, van Delft M, Versloot P, van Loon LJC, de Groot, Lisette C. P. G. M. Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone (New York, N.Y.). 2022;154:116233. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2021.116233

Salma, Ahmad SS, Karim S, et al. Effect of Vitamin K on Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines. 2022;10(5):1048. doi:10.3390/biomedicines10051048

Brzezińska O, Łukasik Z, Makowska J, Walczak K. Role of Vitamin C in Osteoporosis Development and Treatment—A Literature Review. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2394. doi:10.3390/nu12082394

Shams-White MM, Chung M, Du M, et al. Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2017;105(6):1528–1543. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.145110

Boushey C. Dietary patterns and bone health : a systematic review / Carol Boushey, Jamy Ard, Lydia Bazzano, Steven Heymsfield, Elizabeth Mayer-Davis, Joan Sabate, Linda Snetselaar, Linda Van Horn, Barbara Schneeman, Laural Kelly English, Marlana Bates, Emily Callahan, Sudha Venkatramanan, Gisela Butera, Nancy Terry, Julie Obbagy. ; 2020. https://www.proquest.com/docview/3153759330

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Calcium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Updated 2025. Accessed October 3, 2025. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Updated 2025. Accessed October 3, 2025. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Magnesium: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Updated 2022. Accessed October 3, 2025. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Updated 2025. Accessed October 3, 2025. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin K: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Updated March 29, 2021. Accessed October 3, 2025. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminK-HealthProfessional/

Zhang L, Zheng Y, Wang R, Wang X, Zhang H. Exercise for osteoporosis: A literature review of pathology and mechanism. Front Immunol. 2022;13. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005665

Bae S, Lee S, Park H, et al. Position Statement: Exercise Guidelines for Osteoporosis Management and Fall Prevention in Osteoporosis Patients. J Bone Metab. 2023;30(2):149. doi:10.11005/jbm.2023.30.2.149

Centers for Disease Control: Older Adult Fall Prevention. Updated July 28,2025. https://www.cdc.gov/falls/communication-resources/index.html Accessed on September 30, 2025.

Wingood M, Peterson E, Neville C, Vincenzo JL. Feet/Footwear-Related Fall Risk Screening Tool for Older Adults: Development and Content Validation. Front Public Health. 2022;9. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.807019

Godos J, Giampieri F, Chisari E, et al. Alcohol Consumption, Bone Mineral Density, and Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures: A Dose–Response Meta-Analysis. IJERPH. 2022;19(3). doi:10.3390/ijerph19031515

References: 

Physical Activity Alliance. Physical Activity Related Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)® Codes.
paamovewithus.org. 2023. Updated October 2023. Accessed June 23, 2024, 2024. https://paamovewithus.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/PAA-Physical-Activity-CPT-Codes-2023.pdf

List of CPT/HCPCS Codes | CMS. www.cms.gov. https://www.cms.gov/medicare/regulations-guidance/physician-self-referral/list-cpt-hcpcs-codes

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. List of Telehealth Services. CMS.gov. 2023. Updated December 18, 2023. Accessed June 24, 2024, 2024. https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coverage/telehealth/list-services

US Department of Health & Human Services. Medicare & Mental Health Coverage. CMS.gov. 2024. Accessed June 24, 2024, 2024. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/mln1986542-medicare-mental-health-coverage.pdf

American Medical Association. Behavioral Health Coding Resource. AMA-ASSN.org. 2023. Accessed June 24, 2024, 2024. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/behavioral-health-coding-resource.pdf

Stephanie G. Witwer AM, Anne T. Jessie,. Registered Nurse Billing in Primary Care. Published 2023. Accessed June 20, 2024. https://www.aaacn.org/sites/default/files/documents/RNBilling.pdf

Stephanie Taché SC. What a Medical Assistant Can Do for Your Practice. AAFP.org. 2005. Updated April 2005. Accessed June 23, 2024, 2024. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/fpm/issues/2005/0400/p51.html

References: 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Chronic Diseases. CDC. Accessed June 27, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-disease/about/index.html.​

Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(10):e56-e528. http://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659

National Cancer Institute. Cancer Stat Facts: Common Cancer Sites. SEER. Accessed January 30, 2025. https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/all.html ​

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prediabetes: Could It Be You? Infographic. CDC. Accessed June 27, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/communication-resources/prediabetes-statistics.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Type 2 Diabetes. CDC. Accessed June 27, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-2-diabetes.html#:~:text=Key%20points,are%20also%20at%20higher%20risk​

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Overweight & Obesity Statistics. NIDDK. Accessed June 27, 2025. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweight-obesity

National Cancer Institute. Obesity and Cancer. NIH. Accessed June 27, 2025. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prediabetes: Could It Be You? Infographic. Updated May 15, 2024. Accessed September 24, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/communication-resources/prediabetes-statistics.html

References: 

American College of Lifestyle Medicine. Member Only Resources. “Cholesterol Chart.” Accessed September 5, 2025. https://connect.lifestylemedicine.org/viewdocument/cholesterol-chart

Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/ AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082-e1143. http://doi.org/10.1161/cir.0000000000000625

Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354(7):778-778. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmx060007

Aydın C, Demirkıran A. Letter: Comment on; “Left Ventricular Global Function Index and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Linked to Systemic Inflammation in Acute Coronary Syndrome”. Angiology. 2025;0(0). doi:10.1177/00033197251324626

Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe Added to Statin Therapy after Acute Coronary Syndromes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;372(25):2387-2397. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1410489

Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. European Heart Journal. 2019;41(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455

American Heart Association. “Blood Pressure Categories.” Accessed September 5, 2024. https://www.heart.org/-/media/Files/Health-Topics/High-Blood-Pressure/HBP-rainbow-chart-English.pdf

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S19-S40. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-S002

American Diabetes Association. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021.Diabetes Care. 2020;44(Supplement_1):S15-S33. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S002

American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis. diabetes. org. Accessed: October 31, 2022. https://diabetes.org/diabetes/a1c/diagnosis “

Darsini D, Hamidah H, Notobroto HB, Cahyono EA. Health risks associated with high waist circumference: A systematic review. J Public Health Res. 2020;9(2):1811. http://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1811

Ashwell M. Charts Based on Body Mass Index and Waist-to-Height Ratio to Assess the Health Risks of Obesity: A Review. Open Obes J. 2011;3(1):78-84. http://doi.org/10.2174/1876823701103010078

CDC. About Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI. Published July 17, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/bmi/about/index.html#cdc_health_safety_special_topic_spotlight-bmi-calculators

MOVE! Weight Management Program for Veterans VETERAN WORKBOOK. https://www.move.va.gov/docs/veteranworkbook/movevetworkbook.pdf

References & Resources 

Introduction: 

Robyn Chutkan’s website: https://gutbliss.com 

Nutrition: 

Dietary Guidelines for Americans: https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/resources/2020-2025-dietary-guidelines-online-materials/food-sources-select-nutrients/food-0  

US Department of Agriculture: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/  

American College of Gastroenterology: https://gi.org/2015/10/08/poster-323-co-morbid-depression-not-symptom-severity-or-disease-specific-quality-of-life-predicts-work-absenteeism-in-chronic-constipation/  

Physical Activity: 

Exercise therapy in patients with constipation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30843436/  

Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans – 2nd edition: https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf  

The Yoga Institute: https://theyogainstitute.org/top-7-yoga-poses-for-constipation-relief/  

Park Prescription Program: https://www.parkrx.org/parkrx-toolkit  

Sleep: 

Restoring Deep, Slow Wave Sleep to Enhance Health and Increase Lifespan: https://nutritionreview.org/2014/07/restoring-slow-wave-sleep-shown-enhance-health-increase-lifespan/  

U-shaped association between sleep duration with chronic constipation and diarrhea: A population-based study: https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2022.2139713  

De-stress: 

The American Institute of Stress: https://www.stress.org/news/stress-stomach-pain-diarrhea-constipation-ulcers-more/ 

Anxiety and Constipation: Can Stress Cause Constipation? https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/can-anxiety-cause-constipation#stress-and-constipation 

Is Stress Causing My Constipation? https://www.healthline.com/health/stress-constipation#whats-happening  

Positive Social Connections: 

Bulsiewicz, W. Fiber fueled: The Plant-Based Gut Health Program for Losing Weight, Restoring Your Health, and Optimizing Your Microbiome. Penguin Publishing Group; 2020  

Social contagion theory: examining dynamic social networks and human behavior: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22711416/  

Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056788/  

Avoidance of Risky Substances:  

Stanford Medicine: https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/digestion-and-metabolic-health/chronic-constipation/treatments.html 

An overview of interventions for constipation in adults: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32772745/  

Chronic Constipation in the United States: Results From a Population-Based Survey Assessing Healthcare Seeking and Use of Pharmacotherapy: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32324606/   

Relationship Between Recreational Marijuana Use and Bowel Function in a Nationwide Cohort Study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31764090/  

Does Alcohol Make You Poop? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/does-alcohol-make-you-poop   

Bowel Training: 

Nurse-Led Self-Management Educational Intervention Improves Symptoms of Patients With Functional Constipation: https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945917701128  

Habit training versus habit training with direct visual biofeedback in adults with chronic constipation: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-1880-0  

References: 

Clemente-Suárez VJ, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Redondo-Flórez L, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2023;15(12). http://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122749 

Myles IA. Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity. Nutr J. 2014;13:61. http://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-61 

Global Burden of Disease. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2024. Accessed June 12, 2024 https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/ 

Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(16):1117-1124. http://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199704173361601 

Leone A, Martínez-González MÁ, Martin-Gorgojo A, et al. Mediterranean diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and Pro-vegetarian dietary pattern in relation to the risk of basal cell carcinoma: a nested case-control study within the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020;112(2):364-372. http://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa127 

Rigi S, Mousavi SM, Benisi-Kohansal S, Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A. The association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3391. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82659-6 

Kahleova H, Fleeman R, Hlozkova A, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. A plant-based diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: metabolic benefits of plant protein. Nutr Diabetes. 2018;8(1):58. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-018-0067-4 

References  

Thoma ME, McLain AC, Louis JF, et al. Prevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach. Fertil Steril. 2013;99(5):1324-1331.e1. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.11.037  

Pal L, Santoro N. Age-related decline in fertility. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2003;32(3):669-688. doi:10.1016/S0889-8529(03)00072-3  

Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC. Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(5):1050-1058. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000287293.25465.e1  

Gaskins AJ, Chavarro JE. Diet and fertility: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218(4):379-389. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.010  

Panth N, Gavarkovs A, Tamez M, Mattei J. The influence of diet on fertility and the implications for public health nutrition in the United States. Front Public Health. 2018;6:211. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00211  

Derbyshire E, Obeid R. Choline, neurological development and brain function: a systematic review focusing on the first 1000 days. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1731. doi:10.3390/nu12061731  

Wise LA, Mikkelsen EM, Rothman KJ, et al. A prospective cohort study of alcohol intake and fecundability. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(1):216-224. doi:10.1093/humrep/dew290  

Ruder EH, Hartman TJ, Reedy J, Goldman MB. Impact of oxidative stress on female fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;20(3):219-222. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282fc9eb6  

Jurewicz J, Dziewirska E, Radwan M, Hanke W. Exposure to widespread environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals and human reproductive health: a review. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2013;26(1):4-26. doi:10.2478/s13382-013-0089-2 

References: 

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; Diabetes. About Gestational Diabetes. CDC.gov. 2024. Updated May 15, 2024. Accessed July 14, 2024, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/gestational-diabetes.html#:~:text=All%20pregnant%20women%20have%20some,likely%20to%20develop%20gestational%20diabetes. 

American Diabetes Association. How to Treat Gestational Diabetes. Accessed July 14, 2024, 2024. https://diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/life-stages/gestational-diabetes/how-to-treat-gestational-diabetes 

Padayachee C, Coombes JS. Exercise guidelines for gestational diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(8):1033-1044. http://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i8.1033 

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Exercise During Pregnancy. ACOG.org. 2022. Updated March, 2022. Accessed July 14, 2024, 2024. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/exercise-during-pregnancy 

References: 

Barnard, N.D., et al., A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2006. 29(8): p. 1777-83. 

Chen, Z., et al., Plant versus animal based diets and insulin resistance, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 2018. 33(9): p. 883-893. 

Melina, V., W. Craig, and S. Levin, Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. J Acad Nutr Diet, 2016. 116(12): 1970-1980.

Orlich, M.J. and G.E. Fraser, Vegetarian diets in the Adventist Health Study 2: a review of initial published findings. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2014. 100(suppl_1): p. 353S-358S. 

Porrata-Maury, C., et al., Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet and type 2 diabetes mellitus: pooled analysis of short-term intervention studies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 2014. 30 Suppl 1: p. 55-66. 

Tonstad, S., et al., Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2009. 32(5): p. 791-6.

Wright, N., et al., The BROAD study: A randomized controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischemic heart disease or diabetes. Nutrition &Amp; Diabetes, 2017. 7: p. e256. 

Christensen, A.S., et al., Effect of fruit restriction on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes – a randomized trial. Nutrition Journal, 12(1): p. 29.

Li, M., et al., Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ Open, 2014. 4(11): e005497.

Sievenpiper, J.L., et al., Effect of non-oil-seed pulses on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled experimental trials in people with and without diabetes. Diabetologia, 2009. 52(8): p. 1479-95. 

Mani, U.V., et al., An open-label study on the effect of flax seed powder (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation in the management of diabetes mellitus. J Diet Suppl, 2011. 8(3): p. 257-65. 

Beccuti, G., et al., Timing of food intake: Sounding the alarm about metabolic impairments? A systematic review. Pharmacol Res, 2017. 125(Pt B): p. 132-141. 

Kahleova, H., et al., Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals in a reduced-energy regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia, 2014. 57(8): p. 1552-60. 

The National Academies of Sciences, E., and Medicine. . Report Sets Dietary Intake Levels for Water, Salt, and Potassium To Maintain Health and Reduce Chronic Disease Risk. 2004 Accessed on 05/27/2022]. 

McHill, A.W., et al., Later circadian timing of food intake is associated with increased body fat. Am J Clin Nutr, 2017. 106(5): p. 1213-1219.

Reynolds, A.N., et al., Advice to walk after meals is more effective for lowering postprandial glycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus than advice that does not specify timing: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia, 2016. 59(12): p. 2572-2578. 

Facilitating Behavior Change and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care, 2021. 44(Suppl 1): p. S53-s72. 

Franz, M.J., Lifestyle Medicine. 3rd Edition ed. 2019: CRC Press.

Koloverou, E., et al., Implementation of a stress management program in outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Hormones (Athens), 2014. 13(4): p. 509-18. 

Chen, S.M., et al., Effect of a mindfulness programme for long-term care residents with type 2 diabetes: A cluster randomised controlled trial measuring outcomes of glycaemic control, relocation stress and depression. Int J Older People Nurs, 2020. 15(3): p. e12312. 

Fincham, F.D., et al., Religious Coping and Glycemic Control in Couples with Type 2 Diabetes. J Marital Fam Ther, 2018. 44(1): p. 138-149.

Garber, A.J., et al., CONSENSUS STATEMENT BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY ON THE COMPREHENSIVE TYPE 2 DIABETES MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM – 2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Endocr Pract, 2020.  26(1): p. 107-139. 

Yazla, E., et al., The Effect of Religious Belief and Forgiveness on Coping with Diabetes. J Relig Health, 2018. 57(3): p. 1010-1019.

Services;, U.D.o.H.a.H. Tobacco Use and Dependence Guideline Panel. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. . 2008 May.

Watson, N.F., et al., Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion. Sleep, 2015. 38(8): p. 1161-83. 

Sleep Hygiene Tips. American Sleep Association. Suni;, E. Sleep Hygiene. What it is, why it matters, and how to revamp your habits to get better nightly sleep. 2020 August 14, 2020.

Grandner, M.A., et al., Sleep Duration and Diabetes Risk: Population Trends and Potential Mechanisms. Curr Diab Rep, 2016. 16(11): p. 106.

Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care, 2021. 44(Suppl 1): p. S34-s39.

References: 

Smoking section: 

Salah HM, Sharma T, Mehta J. Smoking Doubles the Mortality Risk in COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Reports and Potential Mechanisms. Cureus. 2020 Oct 7;12(10):e10837. doi: 10.7759/cureus.10837. 

Eapen MS, Lu W, Hackett TL, Singhera GK, Thompson IE, McAlinden KD, Hardikar A, Weber HC, Haug G, Wark PAB, Chia C, Sohal SS. Dysregulation of endocytic machinery and ACE2 in small airways of smokers and COPD patients can augment their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infections. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020 Nov 11. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00437.2020. 

Rodriguez JA, Roa AA, Lemos-Ramirez JC. E-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) Mimicking COVID-19 Disease. Case Rep Pulmonol. 2020 Nov 1;2020:8821289. doi: 10.1155/2020/8821289. 

Stress / Anxiety section: 

Ramezani M, Simani L, Karimialavijeh E, Rezaei O, Hajiesmaeili M, Pakdaman H. The Role of Anxiety and Cortisol in Outcomes of Patients With Covid-19. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2020 Mar-Apr;11(2):179-184. doi: 10.32598/bcn.11.covid19.1168.2. 

Tan T, Khoo B, Mills EG, Phylactou M, Patel B, Eng PC, Thurston L, Muzi B, Meeran K, Prevost AT, Comninos AN, Abbara A, Dhillo WS. Association between high serum total cortisol concentrations and mortality from COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Aug;8(8):659-660. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30216-3. 

Healthy Eating section: 

Carr AC. Micronutrient status of COVID-19 patients: a critical consideration. Critical Care 2020;24:349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03085-0. 

Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection. Nutrients. 2019;11:2101. 

Zhang J, Taylor EW, Bennett K, Saad R, Rayman MP. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jun 1;111(6):1297-1299. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095. 

Li L, Werler MM. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of upper respiratory tract infection in pregnant women. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:276-282. 

Quality Sleep section: 

Silva FRD, Guerreiro RC, Andrade HA, Stieler E, Silva A, de Mello MT. Does the compromised sleep and circadian disruption of night and shiftworkers make them highly vulnerable to 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19)? Chronobiol Int. 2020 May;37(5):607-617. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1756841. 

Ibarra-Coronado EG, Pantaleón-Martínez AM, Velazquéz-Moctezuma J, Prospéro-García O, Méndez-Díaz M, Pérez-Tapia M, Pavón L, Morales-Montor J. The Bidirectional Relationship between Sleep and Immunity against Infections. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:678164. doi: 10.1155/2015/678164. 

Prather AA, Janicki-Deverts D, Hall MH, Cohen S. Behaviorally Assessed Sleep and Susceptibility to the Common Cold. Sleep. 2015 Sep 1;38(9):1353-9. doi: 10.5665/sleep.4968. 

Lange T, Perras B, Fehm HL, Born J. Sleep enhances the human antibody response to hepatitis A vaccination. Psychosom Med. 2003 Sep-Oct;65(5):831-5. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000091382.61178.f1. 

Activity section: 

Fernández-Lázaro D, González-Bernal JJ, Sánchez-Serrano N, Navascués LJ, Ascaso-Del-Río A, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Physical Exercise as a Multimodal Tool for COVID-19: Could It Be Used as a Preventive Strategy? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Nov 17;17(22):E8496. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228496. 

Monteiro FR, Roseira T, Amaral JB, Paixão V, Almeida EB, Foster R, Sperandio A, Rossi M, Amirato GR, Apostólico JS, Santos CAF, Felismino ES, Leal FB, Thomazelli LM, Durigon EL, Oliveira DBL, Vieira RP, Santos JMB, Bachi ALL. Combined Exercise Training and l-Glutamine Supplementation Enhances Both Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses after Influenza Virus Vaccination in Elderly Subjects. Vaccines (Basel). 2020 Nov 16;8(4):E685. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8040685. 

Song Y, Ren F, Sun D, Wang M, Baker JS, István B, Gu Y. Benefits of Exercise on Influenza or Pneumonia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Apr 13;17(8):2655. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082655. 

Connectivity section: 

Hayney MS, Coe CL, Muller D, Obasi CN, Backonja U, Ewers T, Barrett B. Age and psychological influences on immune responses to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection (MEPARI) trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(1):83-91. doi: 10.4161/hv.26661. 

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Bunn, F., M. Kirby, E. Pinkney, L. Cardozo, C. Chapple, K. Chester, F. Cruz, et al. 2015. “Is There a Link between Overactive Bladder and the Metabolic Syndrome in Women? A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.” International Journal of Clinical Practice 69 (2): 199–217.  

Campbell, Noll, Malaz Boustani, Tony Limbil, Carol Ott, Chris Fox, Ian Maidment, Cathy C. Schubert, et al. 2009. “The Cognitive Impact of Anticholinergics: A Clinical Review.” Clinical Interventions in Aging 4 (June): 225–33.  

Dallosso, Helen M., Ruth J. Matthews, Catherine W. McGrother, Madeleine M. K. Donaldson, Chris Shaw, and Leicestershire MRC Incontinence Study Group. 2004. “The Association of Diet and Other Lifestyle Factors with the Onset of Overactive Bladder: A Longitudinal Study in Men.” Public Health Nutrition 7 (7): 885–91.  

Davis, Nicole J., Camille P. Vaughan, Theodore M. Johnson, Patricia S. Goode, Kathryn L. Burgio, David T. Redden, and Alayne D. Markland. 2013. “Caffeine Intake and Its Association with Urinary Incontinence in United States Men: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005–2006 and 2007–2008.” The Journal of Urology 189 (6): 2170–74.  

Decalf, Veerle H., Anja M. J. Huion, Dries F. Benoit, Marie-Astrid Denys, Mirko Petrovic, and Karel C. M. M. Everaert. 2017. “Older People’s Preferences for Side Effects Associated with Antimuscarinic Treatments of Overactive Bladder: A Discrete-Choice Experiment.” Drugs & Aging 34 (8): 615–23.  

Dumoulin, C., Cacciari, L. P., & Hay-Smith, E. J. C. (2018). Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10), Article CD005654. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005654.pub4  

Durden, Emily, David Walker, Stephani Gray, Robert Fowler, Paul Juneau, and Katherine Gooch. 2018. “The Economic Burden of Overactive Bladder (OAB) and Its Effects on the Costs Associated with Other Chronic, Age-Related Comorbidities in the United States.” Neurourology and Urodynamics 37 (5): 1641–49.  

Gratzke, Christian, Christopher Chapple, Elizabeth R. Mueller, Dudley Robinson, Catherine Rolland, David Staskin, Matthias Stoelzel, Rob van Maanen, and Emad Siddiqui. 2019. “Efficacy and Safety of Combination Pharmacotherapy for Patients with Overactive Bladder: A Rapid Evidence Assessment.” European Urology 76 (6): 767–79.  

Hagovska, M., J. Švihra, A. Buková, A. Horbacz, D. Dračková, J. Lupták, and J. Švihra Jr. 2020. “The Relationship between Overweight and Overactive Bladder Symptoms.” Obesity Facts 13 (3): 297–306.  

Hooker, Stephanie, Anjoli Punjabi, Kacey Justesen, Lucas Boyle, and Michelle D. Sherman. 2018. “Encouraging Health Behavior Change: Eight Evidence-Based Strategies.” Family Practice Management 25 (2): 31–36.  

Kosilov, Kirill V., Sergay A. Loparev, Marina A. Ivanovskaya, and Liliya V. Kosilova. 2016. “Caffeine as a Probable Factor for Increased Risk of OAB Development in Elderly People.” Current Urology Reports 9 (3): 124–31.  

Lohsiriwat, Supatra, Muthita Hirunsai, and Bansithi Chaiyaprasithi. 2011. “Effect of Caffeine on Bladder Function in Patients with Overactive Bladder Symptoms.” Urology Annals 3 (1): 14–18.  

Lozano-Ortega, Greta, David R. Walker, Karissa Johnston, Alexis Mickle, Sean Harrigan, Basia Rogula, Rita M. Kristy, John C. Hairston, and Carol R. Schermer. 2020. “Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Treatments for Overactive Bladder Among Older Adults: A Network Meta-Analysis.” Drugs & Aging 37 (11): 801–16.  

Onukwugha, Ebere, Ilene H. Zuckerman, Diane McNally, Karin S. Coyne, Vasudha Vats, and C. Daniel Mullins. 2009. “The Total Economic Burden of Overactive Bladder in the United States: A Disease-Specific Approach.” The American Journal of Managed Care 15 (4 Suppl): S90-7.  

Parker-Autry, C. Y., Markland, A. D., Ballard, A. C., Downs-Gunn, D., & Richter, H. E. (2012). Vitamin D status in women with pelvic floor disorder symptoms. International Urogynecology Journal, 23(12), 1699– 1705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-012-1700-8  

Powell, Lauren C., Shelagh M. Szabo, David Walker, and Katherine Gooch. 2018. “The Economic Burden of Overactive Bladder in the United States: A Systematic Literature Review.” Neurourology and Urodynamics 37 (4): 1241–49.  

Rai, Bhavan Prasad, June D. Cody, Ammar Alhasso, and Laurence Stewart. 2012. “Anticholinergic Drugs versus Non-Drug Active Therapies for Non-Neurogenic Overactive Bladder Syndrome in Adults.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews  12 (December): CD003193.  

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Subak, L. L., Wing, R., West, D. S., Franklin, F., Vittinghoa, E., Creasman, J. M., Richter, H. E., Myers, D., Burgio, K. L., Gorin, A. A., Macer, J., Kusek, J. W., & Grady, D. (2009). Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(5), 481– 490.https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0806375   

Turmel, N., C. Hentzen, C. Chesnel, A. Charlannes, F. Le Breton, and G. Amarenco. 2017. “[Food, diet and dietetic in treatment of urinary tract dysfunctions. A review].” Progres en urologie: journal de l’Association francaise d’urologie et de la Societe francaise d’urologie 27 (7): 395–401.  

Uzun, Hakkı, and Orhan Ünal Zorba. 2012. “Metabolic Syndrome in Female Patients with Overactive Bladder.” Urology 79 (1): 72–75.  

Wang, Y., Wang, J., & Yang, X. (2020). The relationship between vitamin D and lower urinary tract symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Urology, 204(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001441  

Woodley, S. J., Boyle, R., Cody, J. D., Mørkved, S., & Hay-Smith, E. J. C. (2017). Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12),Article CD007471. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub4  

Wyman, J. F., K. L. Burgio, and D. K. Newman. 2009. “Practical Aspects of Lifestyle Modifications and Behavioural Interventions in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder and Urgency Urinary Incontinence.” International Journal of Clinical Practice 63 (8): 1177–91. 

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References: 

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https://www.sleepfoundation.org/women-sleep/menopause-and-sleep 

https://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-health-menopause-online/causes-of-sexual-problems/sleep-problems 

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